EU Jean
Monnet Chair in European Law
Professor of law
Director, Centre for the Study of the European Union
Campus Sciences Sociales, Rue Huvelin
Université Saint-Joseph
Beirut, Lebanon
Tel:
+ 961 1 215 471
Fax: + 961 1 215 473
e-mail:
cmallat@usj.edu.lb
website:
www.cjm.usj.edu.lb
Avocat à
la Cour, Principal
Mallat Law Offices
Immeuble Mathaf
Damascus Road
Beirut
Lebanon
Tel and Fax:
+ 961 1 424 812
+ 961 1 615 918
+ 961 1 612 683
e-mail:
cmallat@dm.net.lb
website: www.mallat.com
EDUCATION
University
of London, School of Oriental and African Studies, Law Department
Ph.D.in Islamic Law, 1990.
Georgetown
University Law Center, Washington D.C.
L.L.M. in International and Comparative Law, 1983.
Université
Saint-Joseph, Beirut,
Licence in Lebanese Law, 1982.
Maitrise in French Public Law, 1982.
Beirut
University College,
B.A. in English Literature, interrupted in Senior year by the 1982 war (Dean's
list).
French Baccalauréat, Paris, June 1977 (Mention Bien).
Lebanese Baccalauréat, Beirut, September 1977 (Best grades in Lebanon among 4,000 candidates).
Shakespearean Studies Scholarship, Stratford-on-Avon, England, 1981.
Latin-American and Spanish Civilization studies, Salamanca, Spain, 1980.
German language scholarship, Goethe Institut, Konstanz, Germany, 1979.
LANGUAGES
Fluency in Arabic, English, French, Spanish, German.
Working
knowledge in Italian and Persian.
Study of Russian, Akkadian, Latin, Turkish, Japanese, Indonesian.
CAREER
Academic
Positions held
EU Jean Monnet Chair in European Law, Université Saint-Joseph, Beirut, since 2001. website: www.cjm.usj.edu.lb (several courses introduced at undergraduate and postgraduate levels on European law: institutional, fundamental rights, contracts; 5 research students, including 3 Phds)
Professor of European Law, Université Saint-Joseph, Beirut, since 2000 www.usj.edu.lb
Director of the Centre for the Study of the European Union, Université Saint-Joseph, Beirut, since 2000, website: http://www.ceue.usj.edu.lb/ (several seminars and lectures, set-up of international ‘Masters’ with major European universities)
Professor of law, Faculté de Droit et des Sciences Politiques, Université Saint-Joseph, Beirut, since 1996. (Teaching at doctoral level in public and private law, Courses taught: Anglo-American contracts; Comparative constitutional law) website: http://www.fdsp.usj.edu.lb/
Director, Centre of Islamic and Middle Eastern Law (CIMEL), School of Oriental and African Studies (S.O.A.S.), University of London, October 1992 - September 1996. (Work with Research Associates, several part-time Research assistants, Council and Executive Committee Meetings, seminar and conference organization, fundraising. Research output includes a dozen collective and individual books) website: www.soas.ac.uk/centres/islamiclaw
Lecturer in
Islamic Law, S.O.A.S., Law Department, 1988- September 1996.
(Tenure, 1991. Subjects taught: Islamic law at undergraduate and postgraduate
level; Public international law, postgraduate level; English and European laws,
undergraduate level. Supervision of several graduate dissertations, including 6
PhDs completed.)
Visiting and occasional
Kluge Scholar, Library of Congress, Washington DC, September 2002. (Research on classical and modern Arab law)
Visiting Professor, Université de Lyon, Faculté de droit, Spring 2002, Spring 2003. (Lectures on European, Middle Eastern law)
Member, Yale Law School, Middle East Legal Studies Committee, since 2000. Annual Seminars, since 1999. Seminar Rapporteur (with Professor Owen Fiss), Yale Law School, Middle East Legal Studies Seminar, Fes, 10-12 May 1999.
Participation in various international research programmes, inter al. Individual and Society in the Muslim Mediterranean, European Science Foundation (1995-2001), War and Peace: textbooks (EU Commission, with colleagues in European Universities), 2003- ; Master in Euro-Med studies (EU, 2001-, with thirty universities); Master in European law (2003-, with eight European law schools)
Convenor, with Professor John Donohue and Professor Samir Khalaf, the USJ-AUB Joint Academic Lectures Series 1997-98.
Visiting Professor of law, Law and shari‘a department, the Islamic University, Beirut, December 1996- February 1997 (postgraduate teaching in comparative legal texts)
Law editor and op-ed consultant, The Daily Star, Beirut, 1996-1997 (10 law pages published, and over 100 op-eds. Management of op-ed contributions of several international scholars), website: www.dailystar.com.lb
Visiting Professor, Faculté de Droit et des Sciences Politiques, Université Saint-Joseph, Beirut, January-October 1996.
Joint general editor, Yearbook of Islamic and Middle Eastern Law, the Hague-London-Boston. (Five volumes published)
Joint editor-in-chief, CIMEL book series at Kluwer Law International, the Hague-London-Boston. (Six titles published)
Joint Convenor, SOAS and Institute of Advanced Legal Studies, Middle East Legal Practitioners' Forum, 1990-1995.
Founder and convenor, SOAS Middle East Forum 1989-1995, Centre for Near and Middle Eastern Studies, SOAS. Member, CNMES Advisory Board.
Convenor of several CIMEL conferences at SOAS, including: “Constitution writing for Iraq”, in two parts (Arabic proceedings 22-24 July 1995; English proceedings 27-29 July 1995); “Sanctions and Human Rights in Iraq”, 11 March 1995; “Al-Muqawwimat al-fikriyya wal-qanuniyya li-nazam sharq awsati jadid”, SOAS/CNMES, 19-20 Dec. 1994; “The Arab-Israeli Accords: Legal Perspectives”, SOAS, 16-17 Dec. 1994; “Lights on the Yemeni Crisis”, SOAS/GRC, Sep.1994; “Commercial Law in the Middle East”, SOAS/IALS, 23-25 June 1993; “Law and Water in the Middle East”, SOAS/BRI 16-17 November 1992; “Islam and Public Law”, SOAS/Institut du Monde Arabe, June 1990; “Islamic Family Law”, SOAS, May 18-19, 1989; “Islamic Law and Finance”, SOAS, April 8, 1988.
Lectures and addresses at major universities and research institutions in the world, including Yale Law School, MIT, Harvard Law School, New York (Council on Foreign Relations), Harvard Middle East Center, Tokyo University, Freie Universität Berlin, Princeton, University of California at Berkeley, University of Washington at Seattle, Georgetown Law Center, The Royal Institute of International Affairs (Chatham House), Centre d'Etudes et de Recherches Internationales, Institut d'Etudes Politiques (Paris), Stanford Law School, University of California at Santa Cruz, Cambridge University, the Arab Organization of Human Rights, the International Institute for Strategic Studies, etc. Papers at conferences in Britain, the United States, France, Spain, Sweden, The UAE, Egypt etc. Guest at Ditchley Foundation and Wilton Park Middle East meetings.
Visiting Scholar, University of California at Berkeley, School of Law (Boalt Hall), 1984-1986. (Research in contemporary Islamic Law: constitutional and economic issues, banking laws, law of contract, and inheritance).
Legal Practice
Principal, Mallat Law Offices, Beirut, since 1995.
Litigation and consultancy, including managing a firm of 8 lawyers and several assistants- The office was established more than forty years ago by Wajdi Mallat, former President of the Bar, former Minister and first President of the Lebanese Constitutional Council, and specializes in international and domestic private law. Work for major international companies and leading Lebanese, Arab and international firms in corporate law (agency, company law), civil law (family, succession, property), administrative cases (expropriation, estates), human rights. Lawyer and adviser of several embassies. Some criminal pro-bono work. Website: www.mallat.com
Recent leading cases (at date commenced): Victims of Sabra and Shatila v. Ariel Sharon et al., Brussels 2001 (international criminal law, www.indictsharon.net); Imam Musa Sadr's disappearance, Beirut 2001 (international criminal law, www.imamsadrnews.net); Residents v. AUB, Beirut 2002 (environmental law); Indict, London 1996 (international criminal law), Prince Husam v. Solidere, Beirut 2002 (commercial, land law), Georges Abou Adal's estate, Beirut 2002 (succession, fiscal)
Consultant, Islamic and Middle Eastern Laws, London and Beirut, since 1988. (Various international and domestic Middle East legal issues for law firms in England, France, and the United States, and public institutions including the Foreign and Commonwealth Office, Middle East governments, the World Bank, UNHCR, Bureau International du Travail). International work has included expertise for oil contracts dispute in Afghanistan in Texas courts, foreign investment in Iran for major British clients, international criminal liability in the Gulf, expertise before the English Court of Appeal over public policy in Libyan contract law, expert report in the Qatar dispute over constitutional and budgetary prerogatives of the Amir.
Member of Lebanese Bar since 1983. Avocat à la Cour d'Appel (higher courts, Beirut) since 1991. Legal consultant, Paris, 1983-1984.
Legal Advisor, Amnesty International (regional office in Beirut), website: www.amnesty.org
International Coordinator and Founding Patron, International Committee for a Free Iraq, June 1991. Organiser of largest foreign group invited for election monitoring in Northern Iraq (Kurdistan), May 1992. Observer and advisor, Iraqi National Congress Founding Meeting in Vienna, June 1992.
Addresses in the European Parliament, the British Parliament, the US Senate, the UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office, the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Arab League.
Columnist, The Daily Star (Beirut), al-Nahar (Beirut), al-Hayat (London), occasional op-eds in papers across the world including the London Times, Le Monde, The Financial Times, The Independent, the New York Times. Regular television and radio interviews on international media. Profiles in Le Monde, The Scottish Herald, al-Majalla (Saudi Arabia), The Jerusalem Report, Danish Radio, Dunya Newspaper (Turkey).
WRITINGS
Books
1. Monographs
Democracy in America, Beirut, Dar al-Nahar, September 2001. 200pp
Presidential Choices, Beirut 1998, published in Arabic at Dar al-Nahar (Al-ri’asa al-lubnaniyya bayn al-ams wal-ghad), French (Défis présidentiels), and English. ca 120pp
The Middle East into the 21st Century, Garnet, London June 1996, 270pp (paperback published in 1997; US edition in 1998; serialised in part in Arabic dailies). 270pp
The Renewal of Islamic Law:
Muhamad Baqer as-Sadr, Najaf, and the Shi‘i International,
Cambridge University Press (Middle East Library), 1993. 245pp. (Co-winner of the
Middle East Studies Association Albert Hourani Prize for the most outstanding
book in the field, 1994).
Arabic translation at Dar an-Nahar, Beirut published in 1998
as Tajdid al-Fiqh al-Islami (315 + 48 pp.), with an introduction to the
Arab reader (pp.9-30) and an unpublished text of Sadr (Usul al-dustur al-islami,
principles of an Islamic constitution).
Bahasa Indonesian translation, Mizan, Djakarta 2001.
Aventures à Beyrouth, (Children's story illustrated by Tamer Mallat), Beirut, 1997. 70pp
In preparation
An
Introduction to Middle Eastern Law
(IMEL, published serially in academic journals, see infra)
Al-Mutanabbi: a critical edition for the 21st century (Dar
al-Nahar, 2004)
2. Edited
L’Union Européenne et le Moyen-Orient: Etat des Lieux, Beirut, Presses de l’Université Saint Joseph, 2004 in press, ca 300 pp
Dossier sur l’Abolition de la Peine de Mort, Beirut, Université Saint-Joseph, 2003, 102 pp
Tamer Mallat, Ahkam, Facsimile edition of 19th century judgments, Beirut, 1999, 550 pp
Yearbook of Islamic and Middle Eastern Law Vol.5: 1997-98 (with E. Cotran), Kluwer Law International, December 1998, 597 pp
Yearbook of Islamic and Middle Eastern Law Vol.4: 1997-98 (with E. Cotran), Kluwer Law International, December 1998, 660 pp
Yearbook of Islamic and Middle Eastern Law Vol3: 1996 (with E. Cotran), Kluwer Law International, January 1998, 566pp
Yearbook of Islamic and Middle Eastern Law Vol 2: 1995 (with E. Cotran), Kluwer Law International, December 1996, 660pp
The Arab-Israeli Accords: Legal Perspectives (with E. Cotran), Kluwer Law International (CIMEL Series 1), May 1996, 302pp
Yearbook of Islamic and Middle Eastern Law Vol 1: 1994 (with E. Cotran), Kluwer Law International, December 1995, 600pp
Commercial Law in the Middle East (With H. Lewis Ruttley), Graham and Trotman for Kluwer Law International, July 1995. 393pp
Water in the Middle East: Legal, Political and Commercial Implications, with J.A. Allan, I.B. Tauris, July 1995. 358pp (Arabic translation, Damascus 1998)
Islam and Public Law, Graham and Trotman, London, 1993. 282pp
Islamic Family Law (with J. Connors), Graham and Trotman, London, 1990. 395pp
Islamic Law and Finance, Centre of Near and Middle Eastern Studies, S.O.A.S., April 1988; new enlarged edition, Graham and Trotman, London, September 1988. 196pp
Articles
1. In journals and serials
“From Islamic to Middle Eastern law”, American Journal of Comparative Law, 2003:4, in press 301-430. (IMEL, chapter 1)
“Pour un changement de paradigme dans la pensée américaine: Réponse à ‘la Lettre des intellectuels américains’, Travaux et Jours, 2004, in press (also in English and in Arabic)
“‘Democracy as unwavering principle’: World wars and failed promises”, Contribution to the ‘Global Progressive Forum’, Brussels 27-29 November 2003, www.pes.org
“Renforcer la Société Civile contre l’Etat: Horizons du travail international au Proche et Moyen Orient,” commentaire sur le Rapport de la Banque Mondiale sur la Gouvernance au Proche et Moyen Orient (Etats PMO, MENA countries), 2003, Paris, Beyrouth, Washington, Rabat, 21 Novembre 2003, www.worldbank.org/europe
“Peine de mort: présentation du dossier”, Travaux et Jours, 2003, 157-168.
“September 11 and the Middle East: Footnote or watershed in world history ?,” Crimes of War Project, September 2002 (Special issue on September 11, a year after), posted on www.crimesofwar.org
“The original sin: ‘Terrorism’ or ‘crime against humanity’ ?”, Case Western Journal of International Law, 34, 2002, 245-248.
“The search for equality in Middle Eastern family law”, al-Abhath (American University of Beirut), 48-49, 2000-2001, 7-63. (IMEL, chapter 6)
“Commercial law in the Middle East between classical transactions and modern business”, American Journal of Comparative Law, 2000, 81-141. (IMEL, chapter 5)
“The Syrian-Israeli boundaries in international law”, al-Nahar, Beirut, Arabic version in full, 20 July 2000. Shorter English version in the Daily Star, 20 July 2000.
“Non-violence et Etat de droit”, Travaux et Jours (USJ, Beirut), 64, 1999, 29-41. (Also published in English and in Arabic)
“Islamic law research in the twentieth-century Middle East”, Asian Research Trends (Tokyo), 8, 1998, 109-136.
“L'état de la recherche en droit musulman au Moyen-Orient”, Travaux et Jours (USJ, Beirut), 61, 1998, 231-260.
“Khatami - a man amidst the waves”, The Daily Star (Beirut, 23-28 June 1997, in six parts).
“The Lebanese legal system”, The Lebanon Report (Beirut), 2, 1997, 29-36, with “bibliographical essay” at 42-45.
“A comparative critique of the arbitration process in the Arab world”, Revue Libanaise de l'Arbitrage Arabe et International (Beirut),3, 1997, 5-7.
“Islamic law: Reflections on the present state of western research”, al-Abhath (American University of Beirut), 43, 1995, 3-24.
“Thinking together the Gulf crisis and the Arab-Israeli conflict”, Paper prepared for the American Society of International Law Annual Meeting, New York 4-8 April 1995. Serialised in Arabic in al-Hayat, May 1995.
“Recent judgments from the Yemen Supreme Court”, Islamic Law and Society, 2:1, 1995, 71-90.
“The search for law and stability in Iraq”, Orient, 2/1994, 194-215.
“Droit comparé au 18ème siècle: Influences françaises sur la common law”, Revue Historique de Droit Français et Etranger, 3/1994, 383-400.
“Readings of the Qur’an in Najaf and London: John Wansbrough and Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr”, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 57:1, 1994, 158-173.
“International law and Iraq: the Safe Haven imperative”, The Brown Journal of World Affairs, 1:2, 1994, 261-70.
“Muhammad Bahr al-‘Ulum”, Orient, 3/93, 342-345.
“The Middle East Peace Process: Those the Conference leaves out”, lecture at the Centre for Near and Middle Eastern Studies, SOAS, 18 February 1992, publication in Arabic as ‘‘Amaliyyat al-salam fil-sharq al-awsat (The Middle East peace process)’ , in two parts, al-Hayat, 15-16 May 1993.
“Tadhlil al-‘aqabat min tariq al-masar al-dimukrati fil-‘iraq (Removing obstacles on the way to democracy in Iraq)”, al-Hayat, 6 parts, 23-28 November 1992
“Al-Mu’tamar al-duwali bayn al-huquq al-filistiniyya wal-atma‘ al-isra’iliyya” (The International Conference between Palestinian rights and Israeli ambitions), al-Bahith al-‘Arabi (London, in Arabic), April-June 1991, 20-29.
“Orientalism in a modern guise: a critique of From Beirut to Jerusalem”, Arab Affairs, Summer 1990, 51-62.
“Fin-Nazariyya ad-Dusturiyya al-Amirkiyya al-Mu‘asira: Robert Bork wa John Hart Ely” (On contemporary American constitutional law: Robert Bork and John Hart Ely), Proche-Orient Etudes Juridiques (Beirut, in Arabic), 1987 [published 1989], 9-26.
“Un envers juridique de Robert Bork: John Hart Ely”, Proche-Orient Etudes Juridiques, 1987 [published 1989], 31-41.
“Religious militancy in contemporary Iraq: Muhammad Baqer as-Sadr and the Sunni-Shi‘a paradigm”, Third World Quarterly, Spring 1988, 699-729.
“Le Féminisme islamique de Bint al-Houdâ”, Maghreb-Machrek, Paris, June 1987, 45-58.
“A l’origine de la guerre Iran-Irak: l'axe Najaf-Teheran”, Les Cahiers de l'Orient, Paris, Autumn 1986, 119-136.
2. In collective books
“Présentation: in Medias Res”, in Mallat ed., L’Union Européenne et le Moyen-Orient: Etat des Lieux, Beirut 2004, in press
“Du fait religieux dans les institutions”, id.
“Lawyering in the Arab world: Lessons contemporary and classical”, in George Sfeir ed., Modernisation of Laws in the Arab World, forthcoming
“Des relations privilégiées entre l’Union et les pays voisins: Les promesses révolutionnaires de l’Art. I -56 du Projet de Constitution”, in EU Commission, ECSA Sixth bi-annual conference, forthcoming 2004.
“Country survey: Lebanon”, Yearbook of Islamic and Middle Eastern Law, 1997-98, 297-302.
“Joint ventures”, in R. Naser and T. Kashishian eds., Lebanon and Europe: Forging New Partnerships, Beirut, 1998, 29-37.
“Etat de la recherche en droit de la Méditerranée musulmane”, in R. Ilbert, R. Deguilhem eds, Individu et Société dans le Monde Méditerranéen Musulman: Questions et Sources, Aix, 1998, 25-46.
“Country survey: Lebanon”, Yearbook of Islamic and Middle Eastern Law, 1996, 221-241.
“Comparative models of freedom of trade: the hurdle of Lebanese sole agency”, in Shahin W. and Shehadi K. eds., Pathways to Integration. Beirut, 209-228.
“Country survey: Lebanon”, Yearbook of Islamic and Middle Eastern Law, 1995, 163-182.
“Tantawi on banking”, in Masud, Messick and Powers eds., Islamic Legal Interpretation: Muftis and their Fatwas, Harvard UP, 1996, 286-296.
“Preface” (with E. Cotran), The Arab-Israeli Accords: Legal Perspectives, 1996, xix-xxiv.
“Preface” (with E. Cotran), Yearbook of Islamic and Middle Eastern Law, 1994, xi-xiii.
“Country survey: Lebanon”, Id., 204-224.
“Introduction” (with H. Lewis-Ruttley), in H. Lewis-Ruttley and C. Mallat eds., Commercial Law in the Middle East, Graham and Trotman, 1995, 1-28.
“A critical note on compensation: The view from Iraq”, Id., 377-388.
“Introduction” (with J.A. Allan), in J.A. Allan and C. Mallat eds., Water in the Middle East: Legal, Political and Commercial Implications, British Academic Press, 1995, 1-18.
“The quest for water use principles: Reflections on shari‘a and custom in the Middle East”, Id., 127-137.
“Muhammad Baqer as-Sadr”, in A. Rahnema ed., Pioneers of Islamic Revival, Zed Press, 1994, 251-272.
“Law and the Nile river: Emerging international rules and the shari‘a”, in J. A. Allan and P. Howell eds., The Nile: Sharing a Scarce Resource, Cambridge University Press, 1994, 365-384.
“Madkhal ilal-adab al-saghir: al-mujtama‘ al-madani, Huquq al-aqalliyyat wath-thaqafa fil-mashriq (Introduction to littérature mineure: Civil society, minority rights and culture in the Mashreq)”, in A. al-Na‘im ed., Al-ab‘ad ath-thaqafiyya li-huquq al-insan fil-watan al-‘arabi (Cultural perspectives on human rights in the Arab world), Cairo, 1993, 453-489.
“Obstacles to democratization in Iraq: A reading of post-revolutionary Iraqi history through the Gulf War”, in E. Goldberg, R. Kasaba and J. Migdal eds., Rules and Rights in the Middle East: Democracy, Law and Society, University of Washington Press, Seattle, 1993, 224-247.
“Voices of opposition: The International Committee for a Free Iraq”, in Id., 174-187.
“Introduction: on Islam and democracy” in C. Mallat ed., Islam and Public Law, Graham and Trotman, 1993, 1-15.
“The Shi‘a”, in R. Tapper ed., Some Minorities in the Middle East, Report to the Foreign and Commonwealth Office, SOAS, London, March 1992, 6-11.
“Human rights in the Middle East: an overview”, in G. Nonneman ed., The Middle East and Europe, Report for the EC Commission, Federal Trust for Education and Research, London, 1992, 239-244.
“The Middle East”, in N. Yasuda ed., Introduction to the Law of Third World Development, Institute of Developing Economies, Tokyo, 1992, 99-126. (in Japanese, abridged from original English ca. 45 pp.)
“Introduction” in Mallat and Connors eds, Islamic Family Law, 1-8.
“Sunnism and Shi‘ism in Iraq: Revisiting the codes”, in Id., 71-91. Also in Arab Law Quarterly, 1993.
“Preface”, in Mallat ed., Islamic Law and Finance, ix-xiv.
“The debate on riba and interest in twentieth-century jurisprudence”, in Id., 69-88.
“Iraq”, in Shireen Hunter ed., The Politics of Islamic Revivalism: Diversity and Unity, Center for Strategic and International Studies and Indiana University Press, 1988, 71-87.
Separate papers and booklets
‘The Middle East in the 21st century: an agenda for reform’, SOAS, 22 October 1996.
‘A policy for Iraq’, prepared for and presented at the Council on Foreign Relations, New York, 18 October 1996.
‘Constitutional law in the Middle East: The emergence of judicial power’, SOAS Law Department Working Paper, February 1993, 34pp (newer version in Yearbook of Islamic and Middle Eastern Law, 1994, 85-108).
‘The Iraqi opposition: a dossier’, SOAS, February 15, 1991, ca 50pp.
‘A new Constitution for Lebanon: Examining the ways to institutional normalization’, prepared for the Carter Center Consultation on Lebanon, Atlanta, 27-28 November 1990, 20pp.
‘The Third Stage of Zionism: High technology in Israel’ (with A. Kadifa), Occasional Paper 1, Centre of Near and Middle Eastern Studies, SOAS, May 1988, 46pp.
‘Shi‘i thought from the South of Lebanon’, Papers on Lebanon 7, Centre for Lebanese Studies, Oxford, April 1988, 42pp.
‘The Middle East: Perspectives on an International Conference’, Middle East Situation Papers 4, Centre of Near and Middle Eastern Studies, SOAS, May 1987, 12pp.
Entries in Encyclopaedias
“Muhammad Baqer al-Sadr”, entry in Encyclopaedia of the Modern Islamic World, Oxford University Press, 1995.
“Iraq”, in Id.
“Contracts”, in Id.
“The shari‘a”, entry in Oxford Companion to World Politics, Oxford University Press, New York, 1993.
Book reviews
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies; International Affairs; Middle East Journal; Middle East Reports; Times Higher Educational Supplement; Third World Quarterly; The American Journal of Comparative Law; Maghreb-Machrek, al-Hayat, and other publications.